Background; Composites have been widely used for anterior as well as posterior restorations due to increased aesthetic demands. Composite restorations placed in patients oral cavity is subjected to masticatory load, pH changes and chemical effect due to mouthwashes, beverages, food etc and the detrimental effects associated with these challenges on the microhardness of composite has to be determined. The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of two commercially available non-alcoholic mouth rinses on the microhardness of micro-hybrid and nanohybrid composite resins.

Materials and methods: Forty disc-shaped composite specimens were made from each type of composite materials and were divided into 5 groups with 8 samples each, Group 1= Microhybrid+Chlorhex, Group2=Microhybrid + Hexidine, Group3= Nanohybrid + Chlorhex, Group4= Nanohybrid+ Hexidine, Group 5= Nanohybrid and Micro hybrid + artificial saliva(Control).The samples were immersed in mouthrinses for 24 hrs and microhardness was subsequently measured using a Vicker’s microhardness tester.

Results: There was no significant difference in microhardness values of tested composite resins in either mouth rinses when compared to composites immersed in artificial saliva.

Conclusion: Non-alcoholic mouth rinses do not affect the microhardness of micro-hybrid and nanohybrid composites.

The oral microbiome may be affected by patient medications, disease conditions and systemic disorders. Selenomonas noxia is an anaerobic, motile, non spore-forming, gram-negative rod that has been repeatedly associated with periodontal disease and other disorders, including obesity. Based upon the paucity of evidence regarding oral prevalence, the objective of was to evaluate S. noxia prevalence by sampling saliva from the oral cavity to screen for this pathogen. Using an existing saliva repository, DNA was isolated and screened using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Demographic analysis of study samples and qPCR results was also performed. Approximately half of the samples (n=96) were derived from females (51%) and the majority were from Hispanic patients (62.5%). Following DNA isolation and qPCR screening 37.5% (n=35) were found to harbor S. noxia DNA, which was more prevalent among the samples derived from adults (n=22 or 22.9%) than pediatric patients (n=13 or 13.5%). This study provides novel information regarding the oral prevalence of S. noxia among both pediatric and adult populations from a dental school population. These data are an important part of the overall epidemiologic analysis of this organism and may provide some initial information regarding the risk for periodontal or other health issues related to the presence among these populations.

Calcifying odontogenic cyst (COC) or calcifying cystic odontogenic tumor was first introduced in 1962 by Gorlin et al., as a possible oral counterpart of calcifying epitheliomas of Malherbe in skin. This lesion is a rare odontogenic lesion with variable clinico-histological characteristics. Three different histologic subtypes has been reported for COC. In this study we presented a female patient diagnosed with ameloblastomatous COC a very rare variant of this lesion and challenges regarding microscopic diagnosis and treatment of it is discussed.

There are many challenges and many barriers to the maxillofacial profession for female surgeons, particularly the beginners of their career. The reported analysis data revealed that this is not concentrated in developing countries, but it is unexpectedly found in many developed and high-income countries. The continued progress of women in academic surgery depends on addressing such issues and trying to solve these challenging problems.

Implant therapy is a widely used treatment modality for completely and partially edentulous patient. It gives excellent long term results and has made practice of dental implantology astonishingly widespread. Titanium dental implants have proved to be successful means of prosthetic rehabilitation for more than six decades. Recently, ceramics have been proposed as an alternative to titanium. Zirconia implants with better aesthetics, mechanical and biological properties are showing a promising future in dental implantology. This narrative review analyses the evidences to compare titanium and zirconium implant in a systemic manner. The paper includes the mechanical, biological and clinical consideration involving both implant materials.

A removable appliance is a device that modifies mandibular posture and transmits the resultant forces created by muscles and soft tissues to underlying and surrounding anatomical structures in a controlled manner. The resulting variation of the neuromuscular environment thus produces the required tooth movement along with the needed advancements in growing patterns. The necessity and requirement of early treatment is to modify the existing and developing malocclusions and muscular derangements before the attainment of growth completion of permanent dentition. Frankel Function Regulator (FR) is a device which functions on the principle of functional orthopedics in unity with muscle gymnastics (muscle exercises) and thereby results in morphological changes in both the jaws hence re-establishing the desirable normal occlusion.

Fractured anterior teeth from accidental falls and sports injuries are very common amongst teenagers and young adults. Management of such critical emergencies is time sensitive for preserving the health of traumatized teeth. Timely management also helps in reassuring the patient and instilling confidence in regards to ideal esthetic outcome and patient satisfaction. However, there is no standard treatment that can be applied to all clinical case scenarios and the treatment has to be innovative and adaptive to the specific case. This case report, specifically aims to highlight a clinical case that was managed by re-attaching the fractured segment on a permanent central incisor. A 24-year-old young man, visiting the town for a wedding, walked in with a piece of broken front tooth in his hand. After a clinical and radiographic exam, though presented with advanced treatment options of a crown or a veneer for long term success, patient insisted on keeping the broken piece and "gluing" it back. Would a direct composite restoration be successful as an interim procedure until the patient returns to his primary dentist? And even if it does, would the patient be happy disposing off his broken piece of tooth? This presents a paradox between clinician’s judgement for best outcome and patient satisfaction. The success of direct composite restorations is never disappointing in a skilled clinician's hands. Let's delve into some literature review, step by step management and conclusion of this clinical situation with a WIN-WIN outcome.

The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has significantly advanced oral and maxillofacial cancer (OMC) care. This paper explores the transformative potential of AI in OMC diagnosis, staging, treatment, and prognosis. AI-driven applications, including computervision and machine learning, are discussed, emphasizing their impact on early detection,accurate diagnosis, and personalized treatment planning. The paper also explores the role of AI in OMC education, research, and practice, outlining future directions. In OMC staging, AI automates the process by analyzing medical records and imaging data, enhancing accuracy. The paper also discusses AI's role in tailoring treatment plans, optimizing radiation therapy, and facilitating robotic surgery. Furthermore, the integration of ChatGPT in OMC education, research, and practice is explored. The paper outlines future directions, including the integration of multi-omics data and real-time patient monitoring, emphasizing collaboration, clinical trials, and validation as essential steps in realizing AI's potential in routine clinical practice. In conclusion, AI has the potential to transform OMC management by enhancing diagnosis accuracy, staging precision, personalized treatment planning, and prognosis estimation. Addressing ethical concerns and fostering interdisciplinary collaboration are crucial in harnessing AI's capabilities. By embracing AI advancements, OMC care can be significantly improved, leading to better patient outcomes and contributing to the fight against oral and maxillofacial cancer.

Although many smokers believe that using smokeless tobacco is safer than smoking, numerous health hazards are associated with its use. Toxins are present in all cigarette products. Because these products are seen as a part of the cultural heritage, there is little enthusiasm for their regulation throughout South and South-East Asia, particularly in Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, etc. Nearly 80% of users live in these areas, which could negatively impact their social, physical, and emotional health. According to several studies, quitting smoking may make people crave smokeless tobacco even more. However, they began using smokeless tobacco as a recreational activity but ultimately developed physical health conditions like gastritis, lung cancer, esophageal cancer, mouth cancer, and carcinoma of the liver. Additionally, they had medical and mental illnesses like melancholy, addiction, stress, mental anguish, and even suicidal thoughts, among others. Since it is harmful, smokeless tobacco should be handled with care. Unfortunately, our policy has not been upgraded or even had the legislation and regulation system applied. In order to alleviate this susceptible problem for the betterment of the country, it is now vital to take emergency steps to concentrate on & conduct preventive comprehensive action at every level from the government & local concern authorities.

Managing teeth that are deciduous, deformed, decayed, or traumatized using tooth-colored restorations can be challenging, especially with young children who may have specific behavioral intervention issues. For deciduous teeth with developmental abnormalities, multi-surface caries, high-caries patients, broken teeth, teeth where direct restorations tend to fail, following pulpal treatment, as space maintainer abutments, and teeth with severe wear, extra-coronal full-coverage crowns are recommended to ensure effective treatment. In pediatric dentistry, several full coverage restoration techniques are available. The Bioflx crown is a new type of synthetic crown that offers improved adaptation, durability, ease of handling, and better aesthetics compared to conventional crowns. Bioflx crowns are becoming more popular and are a viable option for treating carious teeth in young children. This case report describes the first use of a Bioflx crown in managing a multi-surface caries lesion in an 8-year-old girl. There are no published case reports on the use of Bioflx crowns for primary molars; however, these crowns serve as a suitable alternative to full crown restoration.

In endodontic treatment, irrigation is frequently considered the most crucial step, especially when it comes to eliminating root canal microorganisms. As irrigation performs a number of crucial tasks, some of which may change depending on the type of irrigant used: it lessens dentine and instrument friction, enhances file cutting efficiency, dissolves tissue, cools the file and tooth ,it also has antimicrobial, anti biofilm and washing properties. Furthermore, irrigation is the sole way to treat the areas of the root canal wall that are inaccessible to mechanical tools. A range of delivery techniques, such as machine-driven devices and the traditional syringe-needle administration system are used for root canal irrigation.

This literature review presents the action of photobiomodulation (PBM) in the production of transmembrane proteins by neuronal cells to control transient pain, preventing this initial pain from becoming chronic. The literature collected can prove that this protein production pathway may be viable for anti-pain effects in humans. The search was conducted in four databases: PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science. The keywords “photobiomodulation proteins” and “photobiomodulation pain” supplied the selection of papers issued in the last 2 years and the most cited papers on Google Scholar written in English. 10 recent and relevant articles were selected, of the papers found. All articles showed that PBM has a positive effect on pain, with one of them showing its effect on modulating protein production in cells. Articles have showed that PBM has a favourable effect on controlling transient peripheral pain. PBM has advantageous effects on transient peripheral pain. However, more experiments are necessary to clearly conclude this line of research, which can also be effective in chronic pain when applied to the correct areas in the brain.

Background: Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a disruptive force in a variety of medical disciplines, including dentistry. The article presents a comprehensive overview of the clinical applications of artificial intelligence in dental sciences. AI techniques such as machine learning, deep learning, and natural language processing are quickly being applied in dentistry to improve diagnosis accuracy, treatment planning, and patient outcomes. AI algorithms have performed admirably in diagnostics, detecting and classifying oral disorders such as dental caries, periodontal diseases, and oral malignancies using a variety of imaging modalities such as dental radiography, intraoral pictures, and 3D scans. AI algorithms help clinicians generate personalised treatment plans by analysing patient data such as medical history, genetic predispositions, and treatment outcomes. These technologies help to optimize therapy procedures, improve treatment success rates, and increase patient satisfaction. Furthermore, AI-based virtual reality and augmented reality platforms allow simulation-based training for dentistry students and practitioners, boosting their skills and decision-making abilities in complex clinical circumstances. Despite AI's tremendous promise in dental sciences, some hurdles persist, including data privacy concerns, regulatory compliance, and the need for interdisciplinary collaboration. Addressing these issues is critical for maximizing the benefits of AI in clinical practice and developing dental healthcare. To summarize, the incorporation of AI technologies has enormous potential for transforming dentistry practice by enhancing diagnosis accuracy, treatment planning, and patient outcomes. Continued study, collaboration, and innovation are required to fully realize AI's potential for improving dental care delivery and increasing oral health around the world.

Oral medicine is the field of dentistry that deals with oral and maxillofacial diseases and the medical conditions that affect the oral and maxillofacial areas. Oral medicine specialists are well versed in the medical conditions affecting the oral and maxillofacial areas and their management, thereby being considered one of the best to treat patients with special care needs. For patients with special care needs, oral hygiene is often affected directly and indirectly as these patients are associated with medical conditions. Although there are numerous advances in dentistry, the oral hygiene of patients with special care needs is still compromised. This article briefly explains the role of dental practitioners in the oral care of patients with special care needs and in improving the oral health of special health care patients.

This paper explores the potential of artificial intelligence (AI) in reducing costs in dental care through the optimization of treatment plans, reduction of procedural times, and minimization of errors. The integration of AI in dentistry holds promise for significant economic benefits while maintaining or improving the quality of care.

One of the commonest sign of periodontal disease is an abnormal overgrowth of the gingivae as a result of proliferation of submucosal connective tissue elements. There are several ways in which gingival swellings can be classified; it can be based on their distribution, gingival location or aetiopathogenesis. Forming proper diagnoses can be quite a task for the clinician. The role of taking a detailed history, clinical examination and investigations cannot be overemphasized, as occasionally they could be the presenting sign of an existing, and sometimes potentially fatal systemic disease. The aim of this research is to present a review of the literature on the etiology, clinical features and differential diagnosis of gingival swellings. Search was done via databases from Pubmed, Google Scholar, MEDLINE and CINAHL without date limit. The phrases “gingival swellings” “clinical features of gingival swellings” and “differential diagnosis of gingival swellings” were used to find related articles. Included in this review was a total of sixty-six publications and classification, clinical features, histopathological features, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of gingival swellings were discussed. We found out that, the aetiology of gingival swelling is so extensive that a systematic approach should be taken to arrive at a correct diagnosis, however innocuous it might appear. Proper management should be followed with routine maintenance of oral hygiene and periodic follow-up.

Artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to completely transform disease detection, diagnosis, and treatment planning in healthcare. Deep learning (DL) and machine learning (ML) improve the accuracy of diagnosing dental caries, periodontal disease, and oral cancer and early detection of OPMDs. AI-powered onco-pathologic histopathology and clinical decision-support systems (CDSS) improve workflows and patient outcomes. To fully integrate AI into clinical practice, many considerations must be addressed, including data privacy, ethical implications, and algorithm transparency. This review investigates AI's role in various dental specialties, focussing on the detection of OPMDs and oral cancer and its benefits, limitations, and future directions in precision diagnostics.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is transforming oral pathology, enhancing diagnostic precision, efficiency, and workflow automation. AI-based models (Natural Language Processing), particularly machine learning (ML), deep learning (DL) (convolutional neural networks), and computer vision, improve disease detection, classification, and prognosis. This review highlights AI's key applications, benefits, and challenges in oral pathology. Despite AI’s potential to standardize pathology practices and improve patient outcomes, ethical concerns, data privacy issues, and integration challenges remain barriers. Future advancements in AI-driven predictive modeling, histopathology automation, and digital pathology platforms will further enhance clinical decision-making and oral disease management.

The generation of aerosols in the dental clinic presents a risk for the transmission of nosocomial infections and should be monitored. Antimicrobial-resistant bacteria transmitted via routine dental procedures may complicate prophylaxis for infectious endocarditis.  This study examined the role of dental aerosols in transmitting antimicrobial-resistant bacteria between dental healthcare personnel and patients in a dental teaching clinic. Using passive sampling, sterile blood agar plates were positioned at predetermined sites and exposed for 1 h after which they were incubated at 37 °C for 48 h. Their colony forming units (CFU) were quantified, and their species and antimicrobial susceptibility assessed using the VITEK®2 automated system. Compared with the control plates, plates exposed during scaling and polishing produced higher CFU counts than other restorative procedures. Gram-positive cocci constituted 104 (87%) of the total number of isolates (n = 119) with Micrococcus luteus (31.1%) and Staphylococcus hominis (8.4%) predominating Of ten strains of Staphylococcus hominis ssp hominis, all showed susceptibility to gentamycin, ciprofloxicin, clindamycin, linezolid, teicoplanin, vancomycin, tigecycline, rifampicin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole; five showed resistance to fosfomycin; three showed resistance to erythromycin; and one  showed resistance to oxacillin, daptomycin, tetracycline and fusidic acid.  A low risk for the nosocomial transmission of resistant bacteria via aerosols was established.

Introduction: The presence of plaque and calculus on the tooth surface can be an indicator of oral environment condition and status. Periodontal treatment plays an important role, especially in maintaining the salivary pH in a normal value. Hence, scaling treatment is expected to give a significant change to the salivary pH after the procedure. Aim: The aim of this study is to assess and compare the salivary pH before and after scaling treatment. Methodology: This was a comparative study reporting on 30 saliva samples. Samples were taken by collecting stimulated whole saliva before and after 7 days of scaling treatment. After obtaining the sample, the saliva pH was immediately tested using a portable digital pH meter. The collected data was tabulated in Microsoft Excel 2019, then it was exported to statistical software SPSS for statistical analysis to calculate the mean and p value for each category. Result: The Mean ± SD value of pre-scaling pH and post-scaling pH is 6.957 and 7.103 respectively. Results showed a significant change in salivary pH before and after scaling treatment with the p value of <0.001. The removal of plaque and calculus procedure by means of scaling treatment marked a significant change in salivary pH.

Artificial intelligence (AI) has rapidly evolved over the past two decades, driven by advancements in digital imaging, machine learning, and computational power. In dentistry, AI has begun to transform tasks previously dependent on human expertise, offering opportunities to enhance diagnosis, treatment planning, and patient care. Applications range from identifying normal and pathological oral structures to optimizing decision-making and improving treatment outcomes. This review discusses both present applications and potential future directions for AI in oral healthcare.

This study aimed to evaluate the awareness, attitudes, and readiness of patients, general dentists, and orthodontists toward tele-dentistry, with a particular focus on its utility in diagnostics and emergency care.

A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 400 participants, including 200 patients and 200 dental clinicians (100 general dentists, 100 orthodontists). Two validated questionnaires (23 items each) assessed awareness, preferences, and expectations regarding tele-dentistry. Sampling was random for patients attending Yeni Yüzy?l University Orthodontic Department, while clinicians were recruited from private practice settings. Descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and Spearman correlation were performed using SPSS v25, with p<0.05 considered significant.

A total of 45.5% of the patients were unaware of tele-dentistry. Awareness was not associated with educational level (p>0.05). General dentists reported significantly higher previous use of tele-dentistry than orthodontists (p<0.001). Most patients (68.5%) believed tele-dentistry would shorten treatment duration, and 51.5% perceived financial benefits. Differences emerged between clinicians’ expectations and patients’ willingness to schedule remote initial diagnostic visits (p=0.001).

Tele-orthodontics demonstrates potential for improving access to care, particularly in emergencies and rural contexts. However, limited patient awareness remains a critical barrier. While financial and time-saving benefits are acknowledged, clinicians remain cautious about its applicability in orthodontics.

Tele-dentistry can complement traditional practice, especially for monitoring and triage, but widespread adoption requires targeted educational campaigns, updated training curricula, and stronger integration of digital health tools.

Metastasis is innate tendency of malignancy. Lymphatic spread plays a crucial role in the progression of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma and significantly influences tumor staging. The presence of regional lymph node involvement reduces survival rates by nearly half. The presence of single micrometastasis affects the prognosis, recurrence and overall survival rate of the patient. Macrometastasis is the nodal deposit examined by surgeon on clinical examination or by radiologist in the imaging studies and can be routinely diagnosed in Hematoxylin and Eosin staining. But, micrometastasis cannot be determined easily by clinical and radiographic examination. Even in Hematoxylin and Eosin staining, micrometastasis is often obscure. The current research focuses on identifying the efficacy of special stain Papanicolaou to detect the micrometastasis in lymphnode, which was undetected in Hematoxylin and Eosin staining. The study included 432 lymph nodes obtained from 40 patients diagnosed with Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Hematoxylin and Eosin staining was done and 100 lymph nodes were proven non-metastatic. Modified Papanicolaou stain was used for identification of micrometastatic deposit. Out of 100 Hematoxylin and Eosin stained non-metastatic lymph nodes, Papanicolaou stain was useful in detecting micrometastasis in 9 lymph nodes. This accounted to 9% of non-metastatic lymph node sections used in our study. Papanicolaou staining has shown greater effectiveness than routine Hematoxylin and Eosin in detecting micrometastasis, while also being cost-effective, widely accessible, and less technique-sensitive.

The Sella turcica is an important landmark in cephalometric that also serves as a diagnostic indicator in dentistry. Variations in its size and morphology are linked to disturbances in craniofacial development and are often associated with orofacial syndromes such as cleft lip and palate, Williams syndrome, and craniofacial dysostosis. Radiographic evaluation of the Sella region allows early recognition of these conditions. Thus, the Sella turcica represents a valuable frontier in dental diagnosis, bridging radiology with syndromic craniofacial assessment.

Oral rehabilitation of the atrophic maxilla is a common clinical challenge, especially in edentulous patients, due to significant bone loss that compromises implant stability and smile esthetics. The All-on-Four protocol has emerged as an effective, minimally invasive, and predictable alternative, eliminating the need for bone grafting procedures while promoting satisfactory functional and aesthetic outcomes. This case report presents a clinical scenario of the rehabilitation of an atrophic maxilla using the All-on-Four technique. The patient, a 70-year-old female who was fully edentulous in the maxilla, reported aesthetic and functional dissatisfaction with her current prosthesis. After clinical and tomographic evaluation, the All-on-Four protocol was indicated for the placement of four Morse taper implants. Two anterior straight implants and two posterior implants angled at 45° were placed to maximize bone utilization and avoid the maxillary sinus. The surgical procedure was performed under local anesthesia, followed by relining of the provisional prosthesis. No adverse event or complications were observed on the day of the surgical procedure or in the postoperative period. After the osseointegration period, intermediate abutments were placed, and the definitive prosthesis was installed. After 6 months, the patient reported complete satisfaction with the treatment, which enhanced both the esthetic and masticatory functions. The case report demonstrates the benefits of the technique, including reduced treatment time, good primary stability, absence of significant morbidity, and excellent functional and esthetic outcomes for the patient. The All-on-Four protocol proved to be an effective and safe rehabilitative solution for cases of atrophic maxilla, contributing to improvements in the patient’s quality of life.

Primary intraosseous squamous cell carcinoma (PIOSCC) is an uncommon malignant neoplasm arising within the jawbone, without initial connection to the oral mucosa. It is believed to originate from the malignant transformation of odontogenic epithelial remnants, cysts, or tumors. Involvement of the maxilla is exceedingly rare compared to the mandible. The clinical presentation and radiographic features of PIOSCC are often variable and non-specific, which may complicate early diagnosis and lead to confusion with other odontogenic or inflammatory lesions. This case report describes a rare occurrence of PIOSCC developing from an odontogenic keratocyst (OKC) in the maxilla of a 35-year-old female patient. The report discusses the possible mechanisms underlying malignant transformation within odontogenic cysts, emphasizes the biological behavior of this neoplasm, and delineates the characteristic clinical, radiological, and histopathological findings associated with this rare entity.

Dental implants are widely used in modern dentistry for tooth replacement, but bacterial infections such as peri-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis remain significant causes of implant failure. This literature review evaluates the effectiveness of surface modifications and antimicrobial coatings in reducing bacterial colonization and infection on dental implants. A comprehensive search of PubMed and Google Scholar identified 70 relevant studies, of which 56 met the inclusion criteria. The review highlights the use of antimicrobial agents such as silver, zinc, copper, fluorine, and chlorhexidine, as well as surface modifications like dendrimers, titanium dioxide photocatalysts, and ultraviolet treatment. These strategies enhance antimicrobial properties by generating reactive oxygen species, creating super-hydrophilic surfaces, and altering surface characteristics such as roughness, hydrophobicity, charge, and crystalline phase. The findings suggest that these approaches significantly reduce bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation, thereby improving implant success rates. However, further research is needed to assess the long-term clinical performance and stability of these modifications. This review highlights the crucial role of combining advanced surface modification techniques with antimicrobial approaches to improve the performance and safety of dental implants.

Functional oral self-mutilation is an uncommon behavioral condition in children without neurological or syndromic disorders. It may cause significant soft-tissue injury and requires careful diagnosis and interdisciplinary management.

This report describes three pediatric cases with distinct patterns of functional oral self-mutilation. The first case involved a 6-year-old boy who presented with periungual trauma resulting from repetitive nail-biting. The second case described a 7-year-old boy who developed a localized gingival lesion adjacent to tooth 54 due to habitual scratching with the fingernail. The third case involved a 9-year-old girl who exhibited recurrent trauma to the labial and buccal mucosa caused by digital manipulation. All patients received individualized care including oral hygiene instruction, behavioral guidance, and psychological referral.

Functional oral self-mutilation represents a behavioral challenge that requires early recognition and multidisciplinary intervention. Caregiver education, psychological support, and preventive dental management are essential for long-term control and prognosis.

The definitive diagnosis of oral neoplastic lesions, remains a histopathological examination from biopsy. Oral cancer treatment involves diagnosis, surgical excision, probable radiation therapy and post -op monitoring, all of which can be facilitated, affirmed and expedited by using A.I., as an adjunct to clinical acumen and management. Application of A.I. should/can/must be included in all training g of dental health care workers.

Malocclusion is one of the most widely prevalent orthodontic problems encountered in adolescents, often affecting dental alignment, function, and facial esthetics. Orthodontics is a vital branch of dentistry, playing an important role in facial esthetics and functional occlusion thus enhancing the overall quality of life. Although Angle’s Class I and Class II Division 1 Occlusal disharmony vary in their clinical presentation, both conditions can be predictably corrected using well-planned extraction strategies and comprehensive fixed appliance therapy.

This paper presents a series of three adolescent orthodontic cases managed with individualized treatment protocols. The first two cases involved are Angle’s Class I malocclusion with mild upper anterior proclination and anterior crowding in both arches, and the other case with mild upper proclination and lower anterior crowding. The third case demonstrated an Angle’s Class II Division 1 occlusal disharmony with upper anterior proclination, increased overjet, and mild lower irregularity. All cases were treated using pre-adjusted edgewise appliances (MBT prescription) with appropriate extractions to create space for alignment and retraction. A planned sequence of archwires along with appropriate elastic forces facilitated controlled and efficient tooth movement during treatment. Post-treatment evaluations revealed well-aligned arches, ideal overjet and overbite, balanced facial profiles, and stable occlusal relationships.

The presented cases highlight the efficacy of fixed mechanotherapy combined with planned extraction in achieving functional and esthetic harmony in adolescent patients with Class I and Class II Division 1 malocclusions. Careful diagnosis, biomechanically controlled tooth movement, and adherence to retention protocols are essential for achieving long-term stability and optimal results.

Cracked teeth pose complex restorative and endodontic challenges, with ongoing debate between minimally invasive methods aimed at preserving pulp vitality and full-coverage restorations designed to enhance structural stability. Advances in adhesives, bioactive materials, and digital workflows have encouraged biologically conservative treatments, yet long-term outcomes related to survival and vitality remain variable and inconclusive. This review critically appraises current evidence on the restorative management of cracked teeth, emphasizing how conservative and full-coverage interventions influence pulp vitality preservation and long-term prognosis. A systematic review of the literature was conducted using the PubMed and ScienceDirect databases. Studies published between 2017 and 2025 were selected based on their relevance to the restorative approach and pulpal outcome in cracked teeth. In conclusion, both conservative and full-coverage restorations can be effective when cases are properly selected. Conservative adhesive techniques and bioactive materials maintain pulp vitality, while full-coverage crowns are preferred for structurally compromised teeth. Clear diagnostic and reporting standards are needed to improve evidence consistency and guide treatment decisions.

Electrospinning enables the fabrication of extracellular matrix-mimicking nanofibrous scaffolds with high potential for regenerative dentistry, including periodontal regeneration, pulp-dentin complex repair, oral mucosal healing, and dental implant surface modification. This review summarizes recent advances in polymer selection (synthetic for mechanical stability, natural for bioactivity, and hybrids for optimized properties), biofunctionalization with growth factors and antimicrobials, and scaffold design, based on a comprehensive analysis of electrospinning techniques, characterization methods, and preclinical studies. These scaffolds offer high porosity, large surface area, and ECM-like architecture to promote cell adhesion, proliferation, and targeted drug delivery, yielding promising regenerative outcomes in periodontal, endodontic, mucosal, and implant applications. Challenges persist in mechanical durability, reproducibility, scalability, and clinical translation, yet electrospun scaffolds provide a versatile, biomimetic alternative to conventional biomaterials by enabling selective cell responses, enhanced tissue regeneration, and localized therapeutics for improved clinical outcomes.

Salivary gland tumors represent a diagnostically challenging group of lesions due to their marked histological diversity, wide biological behaviour, and overlapping clinical features. These neoplasms arise from both major and minor salivary glands and encompass a broad spectrum ranging from indolent benign entities to aggressive malignant tumors with a propensity for local invasion and distant spread. Accurate diagnosis is essential, as treatment strategies and prognostic outcomes vary significantly depending on tumor type, grade, and anatomical site.

This narrative review provides a structured overview of salivary gland tumors with emphasis on their clinicopathological characteristics and diagnostic considerations. The classification of salivary gland neoplasms is discussed in accordance with contemporary World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines, highlighting key benign and malignant epithelial tumors encountered in routine practice. Salient clinical presentations, histomorphological features, and patterns of biological behaviour relevant to diagnosis and management are outlined.

The role of diagnostic modalities including clinical examination, imaging techniques, fine-needle aspiration cytology, and histopathological evaluation is reviewed, with particular emphasis on the strengths and limitations of each approach. Management principles and current perspectives on surgical and adjuvant treatment strategies are briefly addressed. Our knowledge of salivary gland pathology has advanced significantly in recent years, molecular diagnostic approaches are being used in an effort to find viable therapy drugs for salivary duct carcinomas. There have been descriptions of concepts like "high-grade transformation," which not only affect the macroscopic and microscopic assessment of a specimen but also have important treatment implications due to the high prevalence of metastases and morbidity. Fluorescent in situ hybridization can identify some chromosomal translocations, which can improve diagnostic precision and have prognostic consequences.

This review aims to serve as a concise yet comprehensive reference for dental practitioners, oral pathologists, and postgraduate students involved in the diagnosis and management of salivary gland tumors.

Desmoplastic ameloblastoma (DA) accounts for 4–13% of all ameloblastomas and presents unique characteristics, such as the ability to appear as a mixed radiolucent–radiopaque image radiographically, differing from the typically radiolucent appearance of CA. The biological behavior of DA is like that of other CA variants and therefore should be treated similarly. The present study, reported a case of DA affecting a young female, highlighting its clinical, radiographic and treatment outcomes. Intraorally, a firm submucosal enlargement was observed in the anterior mandibular area. Radiographically, a radiolucency was observed between the the lower left lateral incisor and canine teeth. An incisional biopsy was performed, confirming the histopathological diagnosis of DA. The patient was submited to radical surgery under general anesthesia and there are no signs of the tumor after a 2-year follow-up. Therefore, the present case demonstrated the importance of early diagnosis and appropriate radical surgical management, which allowed effective tumor control with preservation of mandibular integrity and satisfactory functional outcome, with no recurrence after two years.

The objective of this research was to study the variation in the number of roots of mandibular teeth and to compare them with data from available literature. The retrospective study was conducted at the Department of Maxillo-facial Surgery at the University Hospital Centre Split by analysing Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) scans of patients' lower jaws. Out of 145 CBCT scans of the lower jaws, 114 were valid and entered in the Excel table for statistical analysis. Three hypotheses have been put forward: (1) lower incisors, canines and premolars have one root; (2) lower molars have two roots; (3) supernumerary root is the most common variation in lower molars. Data collected from 114 participants, i.e. CBCT scans, were analysed in the STATISTICA 11.0 programme package and every side of a group of teeth was analysed separately. Lower incisors, canines and premolars are, in the largest percentage, single-rooted teeth (two-rooted teeth vary from 0 to 4 per cent), whereas molars are, the most, two-rooted teeth (one-rooted teeth vary from 2 to 5 per cent, while three-rooted teeth stand at about 3 to 6 per cent). The most frequent anatomical variation observed was the presence of a supernumerary root in the mandibular third molar. This research confirmed the hypotheses and obtained data on the number of dental roots in all teeth of the lower jaw, in accordance with data from the literature.

Natural bioactive compounds have attracted increasing interest as adjuncts in periodontal therapy due to their potential to modulate inflammation and microbial activity. Among these compounds, propolis has been extensively explored because of its antioxidant, antimicrobial, and immunomodulatory effects. The development of gel-based delivery systems has further enhanced its therapeutic potential by enabling localized application and controlled release at periodontal sites. Therefore, this narrative review aimed to summarize and discuss the available scientific evidence regarding the use of propolis-based gels in the treatment of periodontal disease. A total of ten studies were selected from the literature, including in vitro and in vivo investigations (n = 7) and clinical trials (n = 3). Overall, the studies demonstrated that propolis gels exhibited favorable physicochemical properties for periodontal application and suggested potential anti-inflammatory effects. However, the antimicrobial effectiveness against Porphyromonas gingivalis and the reduction in probing depth in animal models presented inconsistent findings. Although clinical studies reported favorable outcomes, substantial methodological heterogeneity among them limits direct comparison and interpretation. In summary, while propolis-based gels show promise as periodontal adjuncts due to their physicochemical properties and anti-inflammatory potential, clinical evidence remains limited and inconsistent. High-quality randomized controlled trials are essential to establish standardized protocols and confirm long-term safety and efficacy.

Lasers have emerged as a revolutionary tool in dentistry. It offers precision, reduced bleeding, and enhanced patient comfort compared to conventional scalpel-based techniques. This case series presents four cases illustrating the management of various dental and oral conditions. Lasers have emerged as a highly effective, minimally invasive tool that fulfils these goals across a wide range of dental procedures.  The laser-assisted approach resulted in a bloodless surgical field, minimal postoperative discomfort, and rapid healing. The case series reviews the classification and clinical applications of soft tissue lasers in modern dental practice.

Cryonics in expanded dentistry and oral medicine embraces various uses of Cytotherapeutic care. Oral Cryotherapy exists in different forms. (1) Cryosurgical ablation (purposeful tissue obliteration); (2) Non-ablative cooling, mainly (take out word to) as prophylaxis of mucositis from chemotherapy; (3) Vital Pulp-testing (add in -) by pain induction for rapid vitality-pulp-testing. This review assembles clinical indications, the simple biophysics of procuring “cold-freezing-on-demand,” indicates peri-operative care, describes some ubiquitous devices and cryogens, the results of cryotherapy, lays-out pragmatic advantages/limitations and disadvantages, and stresses diagnostic safeguards for pre-malignant lesions.

Oral cancer management involves surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, or combined chemoradiotherapy. Although these modalities improve survival, they frequently produce oral toxicities that impair function, comfort and treatment compliance. Oral mucositis is the most common and debilitating complication, often accompanied by xerostomia, dysgeusia, dysphagia, hyposalivation, trismus and opportunistic infections. Severe mucositis causes intense pain, nutritional compromise, increased healthcare costs and may necessitate treatment interruptions. Current management is largely symptomatic and fails to prevent tissue injury. Photo biomodulation (PBM) therapy is a non-pharmacological supportive treatment using low intensity red or near infrared lasers. It stimulates mitochondrial activity and adenosine triphosphate production, thus reduces inflammation, enhances wound healing and provides analgesia. Randomized trials and meta-analyses demonstrate significant reductions in mucositis incidence, severity, duration and associated pain. MASCC/ISOO guidelines recommend PBM when applied with appropriate parameters. This review summarizes mechanisms, clinical evidence and guideline-based use, highlighting PBM as an effective safe and patient centred strategy for optimizing supportive care in oral cancer. Standardization of protocols, multidisciplinary approach, and future research like large scale randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are essential for effective and globally applicable healthcare delivery. Such integrated strategy is likely to improve not only patient’s quality of life but also supports oncologic treatment for diverse populations.

This In- vitro comparative studyaimed to evaluate and compare the marginal fit of full-contour monolithic zirconia crowns fabricated using conventional and digital impression techniques, as marginal adaptation is a key factor influencing the biological success and longevity of fixed dental restorations. Poor marginal fit can result in plaque accumulation, gingival inflammation, secondary caries, and eventual failure of the prosthesis. Fifteen samples of monolithic zirconia crowns were fabricated in each of three groups resulting in total sample size of 45 (n=45).Group 1 utilized the conventional polyvinyl siloxane impression technique (3M ESPE/Dentsply, USA) with a die model (Neelkanth, India), Group 2 employed digital impressions obtained from Digital Scanner-A (UPCERA, China) with a 3D-printed resin model, and Group 3 used digital impressions from Digital Scanner-B(Medit i600, South Korea) with a 3D-printed resin model. All crowns were fabricated using a standardized CAD/CAM workflow, andMarginal discrepancy was evaluated using a stereomicroscope at 45× magnification and analyzed using image analysis software. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA followed by post hoc testing. The results showed that the conventional technique exhibited the highest marginal discrepancy (77–84 µm), whereas both digital techniques demonstrated significantly lower discrepancies (41–47 µm) (p < 0.005), with no statistically significant difference between the two digital scanners. Within the limitations of this In- vitro study, digital impression techniques demonstrated superior marginal fit compared to the conventional impression technique.

Acquired palatal defects may arise from trauma, infection, pathology, radiation therapy, or surgical resection, resulting in oro-nasal communication that adversely affects speech, swallowing, mastication, and patient morale. Obturator prostheses are commonly used to restore these functions; however, in extensive maxillectomy defects, increased prosthesis weight and the absence of adequate retentive undercuts may compromise retention, stability, and patient comfort. Hollowing of the obturator is an effective method for reducing prosthesis weight and improving function. This clinical report describes the rehabilitation of a patient with a total maxillectomy defect secondary to COVID-19-associated mucormycosis using a simplified reverse hollowing technique for fabrication of a definitive obturator. Reverse hollowing was performed from the palatal aspect following conventional processing, and an acrylic shim was incorporated to re-establish palatal contour, thereby improving speech resonance and swallowing efficiency. A heat-cured resilient liner (Molloplast B) was used to engage soft-tissue undercuts and enhance retention. The described technique is simple, efficient, economical, and reproducible, and may be particularly useful in extensive defects where conventional hollowing procedures are difficult to perform.

Dental impression materials are frequently contaminated with microorganisms from saliva and blood, posing a risk of cross-contamination during the fabrication of stone models. Tomitigate this risk, the FDI World Dental Federation (1998) recommended thorough cleaning and disinfection of all impression materials.

To evaluate and compare the elastic recovery of four different elastomeric impression materials following chemical disinfection and autoclaving.

A total of 60 specimens were prepared, with 15 specimens allocated to each material: polysulfide (Orikam, India), polyether (3M ESPE Monophase, USA), condensation silicone (Zhermack Zetaplus, Italy), and addition silicone (Ivoclar Vivadent, Liechtenstein).

Each material group was further divided into three subgroups (n = 5):Chemical disinfection, Autoclaving, Control (no treatment). Elastic recovery of all specimens was measured using a universal testing machine.

No statistically significant differences in elastic recovery were observed among the materials following chemical disinfection or autoclaving. All tested materials demonstrated comparable elastic recovery under the evaluated conditions.

Within the limitations of this study, chemical disinfection and autoclaving did not significantly affect the elastic recovery of the tested elastomeric impression materials. All materials exhibited comparable performance after sterilization procedures.

Addition silicone impression materials, autoclave cycle, chemical disinfection, sterilization, Universal Testing Machine.

To evaluate the effect of saliva and blood contamination on the shear bond strength of 6th, 7th, and 8th generation bonding agents.Seventy-two non-carious human mandibular molars were embedded in self-cure acrylic resin and flattened to expose dentin. The specimens were divided into three adhesive groups: Clearfil SE Protect (6th gen), Tokuyama Palfique Bond (7th gen), and G-Bond Premio (8th gen). Each group was further subdivided into three subgroups: control, contamination before curing, and contamination after curing (n = 8 each). Contaminants (fresh saliva and blood mixture) were applied using a micro-brush as per protocol. Composite cylinders (3 mm × 5 mm) were built and light-cured for 20 seconds. After 24 hours of storage in saline at 37 °C, specimens were tested for shear bond strength (SBS) using an Instron Universal Testing Machine at 1 mm/min. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post-hoc test.The 6th generation adhesive (Clearfil SE Protect) showed the highest mean SBS (24.66 ± 0.96 MPa) under control conditions, followed by the 7th generation (22.85 ± 1.01 MPa) and 8th generation (21.61 ± 1.19 MPa). Contamination before curing resulted in the greatest reduction in SBS (p < 0.001). No statistically significant difference was found when contamination occurred after curing (p = 0.22).Saliva and blood contamination significantly reduce dentin shear bond strength, especially when contamination occurs prior to adhesive curing. The two-step self-etch (6th generation) adhesive demonstrated superior performance under contamination conditions. Proper isolation remains critical in adhesive restorative procedures.

Chairside screening in dental settings is emerging as a practical strategy for strengthening integration between oral health services and primary care. Many patients attend dental visits more regularly than medical visits, creating opportunities for opportunistic detection of undiagnosed or poorly controlled chronic conditions such as hypertension and dysglycemia. Evidence from dental clinics, public systems, and safety-net settings suggests that blood pressure screening and chairside glycemic testing can identify previously unrecognized risk, are generally acceptable to patients, and can trigger referral to primary care when supported by clear workflows. This review summarizes the rationale, current evidence, implementation models, barriers, and policy implications of chairside testing for blood pressure, blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin, and selected related indicators in dental practice. It argues that targeted screening in dental care should not be viewed as a shift away from dentistry, but as an extension of whole-person, risk-based oral healthcare.

Electronic apex locators (EALs) have transformed endodontic practice by providing a non-invasive, accurate method for determining working length (WL). Accurate WL measurement is crucial, as underestimation may leave residual infected tissue, compromising treatment success. This study aims to evaluate the influence of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) irrigant on WL measurements using an EAL at various stages of root canal procedures. Thirty-five adult patients requiring endodontic treatment on anterior or posterior teeth were recruited using simple random sampling. A total of 44 root canals were included. Pre-operative WL was measured on digital radiographs. After access opening, WL was recorded with a size 10/8 K-file using digital radiography. The canals were irrigated with 2.5% NaOCl, and WL was measured using an apex locator (E-Connect S, Eighteeth, China, 4th generation) under irrigated and dried conditions using paper points. WL was re-measured post-biomechanical preparation using the same apex locator. Statistical analysis was performed using GraphPadInStat software. Among 44 canals (16 anterior, 28 posterior), the mean pre-operative WL was 21.5 mm (SD 3.92) for anteriors and 19.2 mm (SD 2.57) for posteriors. A significant difference was observed between pre-operative WL and WL after access opening in molars (p=0.025). Additionally, WL measurements with and without NaOCl irrigant showed a significant difference in molars (p=0.006). NaOCl significantly affects apex locator accuracy, particularly in molars. Complete drying of canals before EAL use is recommended to improve measurement accuracy and optimize endodontic outcomes. The findings suggest that NaOCl significantly influences EAL-based WL measurements in molar teeth. Thorough canal drying prior to EAL use may improve measurement reliability.

Dental plaque is a major etiological factor in the development of dental caries and periodontal diseases, making effective plaque control essential in children. With increasing environmental concerns, biodegradable bamboo toothbrushes have emerged as a sustainable alternative to conventional plastic toothbrushes; however, evidence comparing their clinical efficacy in pediatric populations remains limited. This crossover in vivo study evaluated and compared the plaque removal efficacy of plastic and bamboo manual toothbrushes in 44 healthy school-going children aged 8–12 years. Participants used a plastic toothbrush for two weeks, followed by a one-week washout period and subsequent use of a bamboo toothbrush for another two weeks. Plaque scores were assessed before and after each intervention using the Turesky-Gilmore-Glickman modification of the Quigley-Hein Plaque Index, and user preference was evaluated through a subjective questionnaire. Both toothbrushes demonstrated significant reductions in plaque scores, with plastic toothbrush scores decreasing from 1.76 ± 0.37 to 0.77 ± 0.28 and bamboo toothbrush scores from 1.93 ± 0.35 to 0.73 ± 0.28 (p < 0.001), with no significant difference between the two groups after intervention (p = 0.680). Subjective evaluation revealed that 85% of participants reported a better brushing experience with bamboo toothbrushes, while 65% preferred them over plastic toothbrushes. Within the limitations of the study, bamboo toothbrushes were found to be as effective as conventional plastic toothbrushes in plaque removal while demonstrating high user acceptability, supporting their use as an environmentally sustainable alternative for maintaining oral hygiene in children.